Dioscorea bulbifera (DB) and Hemidesmus indicus (HI) are widely recognized ethnomedicinal plants in Ayurveda that are traditionally used for managing metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and diabetes. The present study aimed to establish a reliable comparative phytochemical profile of methanolic extracts of DB (tuber) and HI (root) using integrated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), using rutin and gallic acid as marker flavonoids and phenolic compounds, respectively. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in both extracts; alkaloids were detected exclusively in HI, and terpenoids were absent in both plants. HPLC based quantitative analysis revealed marked differences in flavonoid and phenolic contents between the two species. The HI extract exhibited a prominent rutin peak at a retention time of 2.810 min with a relative concentration of 97.14%, whereas DB showed a corresponding peak at 2.821 min with a significantly lower relative concentration of 50.71%, indicating nearly a two-fold higher flavonoid abundance in HI compared to DB. HPTLC fingerprinting further demonstrated distinct and reproducible chromatographic bands corresponding to the marker compounds in both plant extracts, confirming their characteristic phenolic and flavonoid compositions. Overall, the integrated HPTLC–HPLC analysis provides a robust and reproducible framework for the authentication, standardization, and comparative evaluation of DB and HI, while the observed quantitative differences underscore their differential therapeutic potential, particularly regarding antidiabetic and antioxidant applications.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) remains a major global health threat due to its rapid transmission, debilitating arthralgia, and absence of approved antiviral therapy. This study employed a structure-based drug repurposing strategy targeting key viral proteins (E1, E2, NSP2, and P62) and the host entry receptor MXRA8, which play essential roles in viral attachment, membrane fusion, replication, and virion maturation. Clinically approved antiviral and immunomodulatory compounds were systematically screened using molecular docking performed through AutoDock Vina, PyRx 0.8, Discovery Studio, and UCSF Chimera to identify potential inhibitors with favorable binding affinities and interaction profiles. Sixteen drugs were evaluated for their binding interactions, ADMET behavior, and toxicity characteristics. Paritaprevir exhibited the highest affinity toward the E1/E2 protease complex (–10.8 kcal/mol), while Ledipasvir demonstrated strong multi-target potential with notable affinity for E1/E2 (–10.7 kcal/mol) and NSP2 (–9.3 kcal/mol). Eptifibatide acetate showed the strongest binding to MXRA8 (–10.2 kcal/mol), forming extensive hydrogen bond networks, and Sorafenib displayed the best interaction with SQSTM1 (–8.8 kcal/mol) through unique halogen-mediated stabilization. ADMET profiling revealed that Rimantadine, Ruxolitinib, Naringenin, and silymarin derivatives possessed favorable bioavailability and safety margins, whereas Obatoclax exhibited the highest predicted toxicity. Collectively, these findings highlight Paritaprevir, Ledipasvir, and Eptifibatide acetate as potent multi-target antiviral candidates, while Rimantadine emerges as a low-risk repurposing option. This comprehensive target-centric screening provides mechanistic insights and establishes a strong foundation for further optimization, in vitro validation, and therapeutic development against CHIKV infections.

The present study evaluated the antiulcer potential of ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Tinospora cordifolia (EETC) and the stem bark of Psidium guajava (EEPG) using a pyloric ligation–induced gastric ulcer model in albino Wistar rats. Gastric ulcers were induced by pyloric ligation, a well-established method for assessing ulcerogenesis and gastric acid secretion. The extracts were administered orally as a 1:1 combination of EETC and EEPG at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, while ranitidine (150 mg/kg) served as the standard drug. Gastric volume, pH, free acidity, total acidity, bound acidity, ulcer index, gastric lesion length, ulcer severity score, and ulcer number were evaluated, along with percentage protection and percentage inhibition. Treatment with the combined extract produced a dose-dependent reduction in gastric volume and acidity, with a concomitant increase in gastric pH. The 400 mg/kg dose showed pronounced gastroprotective effects compared to the ligation control (P < 0.01). Both dose levels significantly reduced ulcer index, ulcer number, and gastric lesion length, showing comparable efficacy to ranitidine. These findings indicate that the combined ethanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia and Psidium guajava exert protective effects against pyloric ligation–induced gastric ulcers, supporting their potential use in ulcer management.

Background and objecive: Caralluma fimbriata Wall, a succulent medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family, has been traditionally utilized in various therapeutic applications including metabolic disorders, appetite regulation, and diabetes management. Despite its ethnomedicinal importance, comprehensive analytical characterization of its bioactive constituents remains limited. This investigation aimed to conduct systematic phytochemical screening and chromatographic profiling of C. fimbriata extracts to identify and characterize the major secondary metabolites responsible for its therapeutic activities.
Methods: Fresh plant specimens were collected, authenticated, and processed for extraction using methanol and aqueous solvents. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed using standard chemical tests. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted using a C18 column with acetonitrile-water mobile phase system and multi-wavelength detection at 210, 230, 254, and 280 nm.
Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides with differential solvent-dependent extraction patterns. HPLC chromatographic analysis demonstrated distinct retention profiles with major peaks identified at 5.557, 7.923, 12.047, 15.047, 16.736, 20.802, 23.183, 24.731, 33.760, 38.118, and 43.925 minutes, indicating the presence of diverse bioactive compounds with varying polarities.
Conclusion: The comprehensive analytical profile confirms the chemical diversity of C. fimbriata, providing scientific validation for its traditional therapeutic applications. The identified secondary metabolites, particularly pregnane glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, may contribute to the plant''''s reported anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective effects. These findings establish a foundation for standardization, quality control, and further pharmacological investigations of this medicinally important species.

Magnetic iron oxide nanocarriers (MIONs) have gained significant attention in drug delivery due to their unique magnetic responsiveness, biocompatibility, and ability to enable site-specific targeting. This review summarizes recent advances in the design and biomedical applications of MION-based drug delivery systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural characteristics of MIONs, including particle size, morphology, and surface chemistry, which critically influence magnetic behavior, biodistribution, and drug release performance. Common synthesis approaches such as co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal, and microemulsion methods are discussed, along with surface functionalization strategies using polymers, lipids, and targeting ligands to improve stability and targeting efficiency. Key mechanisms enabling targeted and controlled drug delivery, including magnetic guidance, magneto-thermal release, and stimuli-responsive systems (pH, temperature, and magnetic field), are also highlighted. The review further outlines major biomedical applications of MIONs in targeted chemotherapy, gene delivery, antimicrobial therapy, and theranostic platforms that combine diagnosis and treatment. Emerging applications in neurological and cardiovascular therapies are also discussed. Despite significant progress, challenges such as toxicity concerns, aggregation, and limited clinical translation remain. Future perspectives focus on the integration of artificial intelligence, magnetic biosensing technologies, hybrid nanoplatforms, and green synthesis approaches to develop safer and more efficient magnetic nanocarriers for next-generation targeted drug delivery.

The electronic structure and singlet–triplet characteristics of a series of divalent silicon species, SiR₂ (R = H, F, Cl, Br, Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph), were systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Geometry optimizations and frequency analyses confirmed all stationary points as true minima. The effects of substituents on structural parameters, energetics, charge distribution, polarizability, and spectroscopic signatures were analyzed in both singlet and triplet states. Singlet–triplet energy gaps corrected for zero-point energy reveal a pronounced preference for the singlet state across the entire series, with strong substituent dependence. Frontier molecular orbital analysis and global reactivity descriptors highlight substantial variations in electrophilicity and chemical softness induced by both substituent identity and spin state. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps clearly demonstrate the ambiphilic nature of singlet silylenes, characterized by well-separated electrophilic and nucleophilic regions, in contrast to the more diffuse electronic distribution of triplet species. Furthermore, calculated ²⁹Si NMR parameters and NBO analyses provide direct spectroscopic and orbital-level fingerprints distinguishing the two spin states. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive substituent-controlled framework for understanding singlet–triplet electronic signatures in silylenes, providing valuable insights for their reactivity and experimental identification.